續談 - Critical Thinking & Writing 畢業論文大學功課批判性思維和寫作 (Thesis, Dissertation, FYP, Assignment, Essay, Coursework )

大家好! 這是 DCWAHK (www.dcwahk.com) 香港論文指輔導顧問中心的 第 5 個 blog post. 上次我們 淺談了critical thinking 在 essay, assignment, coursework, thesis, dissertation, 或 final year project 的重要性. 今次我們深入一小點critical thinking 的元素 : Reasoning 

 

什麼是 Reasoning 推理 (Thesis, Dissertation, FYP,  Assignment, Essay, Coursework 畢業論文大學功課內)?

Logic 建立 reasoning 而 reasoning 建立 critical thinking. Logic 基本運作在thesis, dissertation, FYP, assignment, essay, coursework, 畢業論文大學功課內 可以用以下兩例子說明:

Reasoning Logic 例子1:

Premise 1 - If all people working at ABCD in Hong Kong eat pizzas.

Premise 2 - I am working at ABCD in Hong Kong. 

 

Reasons Conclusion 結論

Conclusion: Therefore, I eat pizzas.

這是 deductive. 所有 premises 假設要 true 去推論和接受一個 true and sound 結論.

 

Reasoning Logic 例子2:

Premise 1 - Pizzas sold at fastfood stalls in Hong Kong are tasteful.

Premise 2 - I am going to have a burger at a fastfood stall in Hong Kong.

 

Reasons Conclusion 結論

Conclusion: Therefore, I guess that burgers at the fastfood stall in Hong Kong are tasteful too.

這是 inductive. 不是直接關係的事去推論, 結論可能是 true.

 

但 reasoning 也會有 fallacies.  例如 任何 premise 不是true 縱使 reasoning 是 valid, 這樣 conclusion𥚃就不true and sound.

 

Reasoning Logic 例子3:

Premise 1 - All Italians love eating pizzas in Hong Kong.

Premise 2 - I love eating pizzas in Hong Kong. 

 

Reasons Conclusion 結論

 Conclusion: Therefore I am an Italian in Hong Kong.

我愛吃 pizzas 但我其實不是義大利人, 這樣怎能結論我是義大利人? 有 premise  不是 true, deduction的確結論就不會true and sound, 雖然 reasoning 程序正確. 

 

Reasoning Logic 例子4:

Premise 1 - Pizzas sold at fastfood stalls in Hong Kong are tasteful.

Premise 2 - I am going to have a burger at a fastfood stall in Hong Kong.

 

Reasons Conclusion 結論

Conclusion: Therefore, burgers in Hong Kong must be tasteful too.

 

Inductive 會比較容易有fallacies. 如果有weak induction出現, 這樣推理去結論是 risky 和 weak.

 

Reasoning 運用得好, 可以展示critical thinking and writing, 幫助你在essay, assignment, coursework, thesis, dissertation, 或final year project 裡更容易說服 marker. 這blog post 只是舉例某些 logic 和 fallacy 例子, 香港的同學要小心假設和推論去順利完成 critical thinking and writing . 

 

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